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My point is that, in my understanding, a schedule I drug is considered to have NO MEDICAL VALUE, and if there is ANY medical value, it does not meet criteria for Schedule I, which would mean, in turn, that when ONE STATE finds medical value, the drug no longer meets criteria and should, in an intelligent and logical world, be rescheduled at ALL levels, beginning with the Feds.
But we are not dealing with logical intelligence within our government, are we?
I would have to say I myself at one time had the same personal feelings until, I took a closer in-depth analysis which gave me a different view point of the totality of the circumstances. Just one state does not effect the totality as a whole....majority is the rule.Quote:
Originally Posted by time4me
Which logically translates into 51% of the states must be medical in order for the found medicinal value has a fighting chance to be rescheduled federally, the flip side of the same coin is found in congress reps. voting on the federal mmj bill before congress... once you understand how it all works in "context", it becomes less of a mind f**k on one's self..
In otherwords, the stress goes away.
Think in these terms, what ingredients does it take to bake a cake,,step by step, what happens when you miss some ingredients steps?? you end up with crap. and never get it correct until you use the correct steps. Then viola, your masterpiece is ready to consume..
Only 1 state has rescheduled cannabis...OREGON.
A few states allow Dr.'s to prescribe heroin yet, you can not go to any state with your script and expect to be legal to use it...except the state which has legislated it under the practice of medicine. If, the majority of states legislated it's medicinal use, it would be rescheduled federally...not likely to happen but, is a good analogy analysis to use. As we have 15 states mmj and growing fast.:D
Not exactly true. The DEA can and has reclassified drugs but its only a temporary reclassification until it goes before congress. The DEA just banned a list of drugs used in Spice and K2.Quote:
Originally Posted by jamessr
The fight will never be over. There are powerful segments of society that just do not believe that you own the rights to your own body.
Which means our only alternative is to change our government so "segments of society" are not allowed to interfere with our individual choices that cause no harm to others. But isn't that what our Constitution is for?
Cannabis is the only drug congress has control over because of the international treaties in place...those drugs you mentioned are "SYNTHETIC" COMPOUNDED, which the U.S. agencies have authority over to reschedule...Quote:
Originally Posted by killerweed420
Like I said, apples/apples, not orange/apple.
Think of our constitution as a business contract between a corp. and society...and since they wrote it, they have some majority say so in some aspects...when you change your view point to corp./contract law..things come to light real quick like.;)Quote:
Originally Posted by time4me
James, not all drugs are marijuana, not all marijuana users are medical.
Spending twice what Nixon did as a percent of budget on law enforcment versus treatment is a step backwards, especially when the rhetoric is all about treatment.
True but, I was trying to be specific about how cannabis is different in the way it is treated from other drugs in the big picture. And when you compare the amount of money spend in the war on drugs...you see the disparity your pointing out. Our policies are built on international law, along with our budgets..it is not just domestic. Which some forget in their equations.Quote:
Originally Posted by justpics
RHETORIC remind me of save the children mumbo jumbo to attach our money to flow to politicians and then rape our kids by budget cuts. It's nothing but money shifting policies to fool the public abroad.
Would sure be nice of we returned to the constitution. But I don't see it happening. The repubs don't care any more about the constitution than the dems do. Maybe in a couple years we'll look like Tunisia.
As you can see, our constitution is being crossed out line by line as time goes forward. The reasoning for this is so we can become insolvent as a nation and become just like the EU...it's a money thing..world bank thing. History of our planet co-equal with human nature shows this as a fact in motion.:(Quote:
Originally Posted by killerweed420
News flash from CDC about the list...oh my word.Quote:
Originally Posted by jamessr
Who comprises the Washington Cannabis Association has been very unclear. The WCA was created by activist attorney and Sensible Washington founder Douglas Hiatt in October. The group hired the volunteer Sensible Washington director Ezra Eickmeyer for $5000 per month starting in October, and hired the volunteer Sensible Washington media director Phillip Dawdy in November. Dawdy announced the group to the Seattle Weekly, claiming it was comprised of "two to three dozen business." Weeks later, Dawdy scaled that number back, telling the Associated Press it consisted of "about two dozen" businesses. According to the public records WCA is required to file, both of these number are inflated, and the WCA was actually comprised of ten members who could afford the $5000 entry fee. See:
* http://cdc.coop/docs/wca_eickmeyer_registration.pdf
According to these records, which can be found on the Public Disclosure Commission's web site (Washington State Public Disclosure Commission), the WCA is:
* Evergreen Holistic Center
* People Helping People
* Tacoma and Seattle Cross
* Medical Movement Network, LLC / THC List
* Individual Freedoms Corporation
* COBRA Medical Group
* Compassion in Action / Dunshee House
* Sacred Plant Medicine
* Green Hope Patient Network
* Sensable Patient Network
These are the medical cannabis businesses that are working to ensure they receive preferential treatment when it comes to future licensing of medical cannabis businesses. And for the time being, they have succeeded in adding a "grandfather clause" to the law, which states that currently operating growers and dispensers will be provided an affirmative defense to cannabis-related charges between the time the bill passes and the time licensing is set up in 2012 -- if those growers and dispensers had filed a corporate registration with the Secretary of State before January 1, 2011. And, of course, all WCA members have done this. We believe the WCA threatened to oppose the bill if this clause was not added.
Currently, this "you are protected if you have a pre-2011 corporate registration" clause is our single largest concern about the bill. Our membership has identified equal access to licensing as one of only two requirements for supporting this bill, and we intend to work on behalf of all Washington medical cannabis activists and business people to modify this language to ensure equal access to licensing.:wtf::wtf::wtf::wtf::wtf::wtf:
Medical Ethics and Cannabis Prohibition, by Richard Bonnie, JD (Complete)
This is a good video to watch by Dr. Bonnie to understand some issue(s) most don't understand.
Dr. Bearman explaining the world of cannabis, and american mj policy.
Medical Cannabis Historical Review, with David Bearman, MD (Complete)
This is an overview of how other countries internationally are dealing with cannabis legalities.
International Association for Cannabis as Medicine
Got to say I'm pretty disappointed Doug Hiatt would have anything to do with this. I guess everyone has a price.Quote:
Originally Posted by jamessr
I didn't connect who Ezra was till I read up on him a little. Son of one of Washington's most corrupt legislature"s.
Seems it is always about the money, and that Doug would do this suprises me not at all. It is all a bunch of crap talk to the people and secretly behinds the scenes trying to figure how to keep the most in THEIR pockets. Yet eveyones says "he's a good guy he is trying to help...." Hemp fest is all smoke and mirrors also.
I told you about huggy dougy and you told me I was wrong...I know the players very well my friend...experience is what you get when you didn't get what you wanted. And I got some with these folks more than once. My son was told by hiatt himself in my presence to go away before he got himself killed..he lives in alaska now. My appeal will address why he was told this.:DQuote:
Originally Posted by killerweed420
Can you say theft of honest services??
You will be at the Thursday meeting, right? I have not heard from ion, but she could be on a trip, so I've had another ride offer and didn't want to turn it down.
We live in interesting times
I was only going to assist a patient in need...no need for me to go now. ;)Quote:
Originally Posted by time4me
Seems though from the new found info.,like it is going to be a crazy public meeting...since they already made behind close door deals for 5k each:wtf:..no need for me to get hot under the collar since my voice will not be heard..nor anyone else for that matter. I got a different remedy.:D
I hope you get the answers your looking for though. I got mine from the CDC today, posted above. seattle mmj mafia exclusive deal, no others allowed..textbook case.:mad:
Government's broken, health care system is broken, it's time to stand up and speak out.
Money talks, voices walk. The power of the pen beats them all.;) The political torpedo.:DQuote:
Originally Posted by time4me
This deal has been in the works for many, many years...I had an chance to buy in but, choose not to be a part which harms our state..I choose to fight in the courts.
What s the estimated cost of a producers license?
That $$$ figure is not out of the closet yet, that I am aware of, yet. It would appear that a $$ amount would exceed 10k to keep up with other states.Quote:
Originally Posted by boafmabalzich
Its truelly a shame what this country has become. Everything is about money any more. Civil rights take a second or third seat. And when things only pertain to money, violence ensues. And the problem with that is usually the wrong people die.
Word going around is $75,000 for the grower permit with $2 mil. bond. Sounds about right.Quote:
Originally Posted by jamessr
Establish an account today and beat the rush and the so-called Washington Cannabis Associates $5000 entry fee. Independents should not be disqualified.
MarijuanaPOS.com Launches Risk-Free Merchant Accounts Services for the Medical Marijuana Industry | StoptheDrugWar.org
MarijuanaPOS.com Launches Risk-Free Merchant Accounts Services for the Medical Marijuana Industry | Benzinga.com
I also have an inactive legal Washington State 501(c), that I'm willing to turn over to the right people. I have the original certificate of incorporation, and the access key to the corporations data and I'm a board member. I took control after hanky panky with funds. So any honest people who want to take it over contact me. There are no tax liabilities or any other encumbrances. :cool:
Its stated mission is to provide non-prescription medicine to a special class of patient. And that is clearly state in the Bylaws of Incorporation. :smokin:
gypski, i'd be interested in talking with you about the 501(c). We currently operate under the name of Mystic Medicine Co-op. Our non-profit will be finalized within the week but it looks like that will be too late if these other folks get their way. You can find our info on Northwest's best resource guide for medical marijuana patients - Find your meds!, not sure if I can post our number or email on this forum.
I've already been approached, and they are people I owe first crack to. And, I'm weighing whether I will stay on the board or just turn it all over. I appreciate your interest, but in all fairness...................:thumbsup:Quote:
Originally Posted by oddfoto
And, if you have already applied, you are good to go. The time starts with the initial filing. It took me a couple weeks to the certificate and I had to add a portion to the bylaws. they won't pass any law on Thursday either. Its only a hearing on the bill, not a vote. :cool:
Here is a draft that I have that I used to fill in the Articles of Incorporation. I left the name out. Each number pertains to an article. :cool: And this passed the states muster. :D
(2) Shall exist until dissolution by board of Directors
(3) To provide non-prescription medicine to a special distinct class of patient as a network or cooperative of contiguous designated providers.
(4) (a)All non-board members must hold a valid Washington State Doctors Authorization for specific medical conditions and necessities. All non-board members have equal relative rights.
(b)All members shall pay a yearly dues/membership fee to be determined yearly.
The initial dues/membership fee will be Twenty-five dollars ($25.00) per year.
(5) No capital stock shall be issued. All members shall assign their privileges of non-prescription medicine in escrow with the corporation. The distribution of shares to members shall not exceed their designated allotments without written permission of the majority of the board members.
(6) The corporation shall distribute surpluses as per vote and determination of the majority of the board of directors in the denominations or other values as determined by the majority of the board of directors.
(7) Distribution of assets upon dissolution shall be determined by a majority of the board of directors.
(8) Any dissenting member shall be limited to a return of held shares equal to the value at the time of the memberโ??s separation from the cooperative.
(9) To be determined
(10) โ??
(11) โ??
(12) โ??
I have a hard copy too of what I submitted to the state.
From the CDC:
In a previous email alert, we wrote that we believed the Washington Cannabis Association was responsible for the insertion of Section 1201 into the medical cannabis bill, SB 5073. This section provides an affirmative defense to businesses that have been providing medical cannabis to authorized patients, so long as they registered a corporation with the Secretary of State before January 1, 2011. Our belief was 100% wrong. The section was inserted by Senator Kohl-Welles after hearing from many currently-operating dispensers that wanted interim protections while waiting for proposed rules in 2012.
We would like to take responsibility for this misstatement, correct the record, and apologize to the Washington Cannabis Association for the grief we have caused them by our error. We would also like to apologize to Senator Kohl-Welles for any stress we have caused her.
Senator Kohl-Welles indicates that it will be very challenging to keep section 1201 in the bill. The CDC believes this section fails our "equal access to licensing" requirement, though the Senator indicates such a provision would not give anybody preferential treatment for licensing after July 1, 2012. We remain concerned about allowing some dispeners to operate with an affirmative defense because they had been doing so under a corporate registration in the past, while not providing that same affirmative defense to unregistered, late-registered or non-corporate dispensers.
No problem Brother. As soon as I posted I received the email from the CDC clarifying their mistake. Hopefully the b.s. won't make it through with the rest of the legislation. :wtf:Quote:
Originally Posted by gypski
Thats good news of a sort any ways.Quote:
Originally Posted by jamessr
Sample Memorandum -- Intent to Defraud Or Mislead
21 U.S.C. ยง 333(a)(2) INCLUDES, BUT IS NOT
LIMITED TO, INTENT TO DEFRAUD OR MISLEAD
THE ULTIMATE CONSUMERS OF MISBRANDED DRUGS
INTENT TO DEFRAUD OR MISLEAD DIRECTED TOWARD THE FDA
SATISFIES THIS ELEMENT OF THE OFFENSE
INTRODUCTION
Any person who commits one of the prohibited acts set forth in 21 U.S.C. ยง 331 has violated the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act). However, any person who commits such an act "with the intent to defraud or mislead" is guilty of a felony and is subject, pursuant to 21 U.S.C. ยง 333(b)(2), to punishment of up to three year's imprisonment.[FN1] Counts Two, Three, Five, Six, Seven, Eight, and Nine (formerly Ten) of the Indictment in this case charge the Defendants with manufacturing and thereafter introducing into interstate commerce specified misbranded and adulterated drugs - "with the intent to defraud and mislead" - in violation of 21 U.S.C. ยงยง 331(a) or (k)[FN2] and 333(a)(2). Count Four and Count Ten (formerly Count Eleven) charge that the defendants - "with the intent to defraud or mislead" - failed to maintain accurate batch production records (Count Four) and product complaint records (Count Ten).
FN1. Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. ยง 3571, the maximum potential fines for violations of the FD&C Act are $250,000. per count for individuals and $500,000. per count for organizations.
FN2. 21 U.S.C. ยง 331(a) prohibits, inter alia, introducing or delivering for introduction into interstate commerce any drug which is adulterated or misbranded. Under 21 U.S.C. ยง 351(a) a drug is adulterated if it consists in any part of any filthy substance, or has been held under insanitary conditions whereby it may have been contaminated with filth or if the methods used in its manufacture do not conform to or are not operated or administered in conformity with good manufacturing practices. Under 21 U.S.C. 352(a) a drug is misbranded if its labeling is false or misleading in any particular. This definition of false or misleading includes, but is not limited to, the failure on the labeling to reveal material facts relating to the safety or efficacy of the drug. 21 U.S.C. ยง 321(n).
A FRAUD DIRECTED AGAINST THE FDA SATISFIES THE MENS REA REQUIREMENTS OF 21 U.S.C. ยง 333(a)(2)
The mens rea element of Section 333(a)(2) - the intent to defraud or mislead - can be established by evidence of intent to defraud the customers of violative products. In addition, however, a seller of violative products acts "with the intent to defraud" as defined by section 333(a)(2) if he or she takes affirmative steps to evade detection by, and thus mislead, regulatory authorities. See, e.g., United States v. Andersen, 45 F.3d 217, 220 (7th Cir. 1995)("The FDA represents the public, and a deliberate attempt to mislead the FDA should be considered as clearly a fraud as are attempts to mislead customers or other individuals."); United States v. Arlen, 947 F.2d 139, 143 (5th Cir. 1991), cert. denied, 112 S.Ct. 1480 (1992); United States v. Cambra, 933 F.2d 752, 755 (9th Cir. 1991); United States v. Bradshaw, 840 F.2d 871, 874 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 924 (1988); see also United States v. Mitcheltree, 940 F.2d 1329, 1350-51 (10th Cir. 1991) (adopts the Bradshaw analysis concerning "intent to defraud or mislead" but adds a refinement pertinent to misbranding offenses). Appellate courts have uniformly held that FD&C Act cases involving fraud on regulatory authorities are properly sentenced as felonies under U.S.S.G. ڈF1.1. E.g., Andersen, 45 F.3d at 220; Arlen, 947 F.2d at 143-44, 146-47; Cambra, 933 F.2d at 756.
The plain language of 21 U.S.C. ยง 333(a)(2) provides for felony treatment for any person who violates a provision of 21 U.S.C. ยง 331 "with the intent to defraud or mislead." The focus is upon the violator's intent; there is no limitation with respect to whom the violator's intent is directed. Thus, when a person manufactures or distributes misbranded or adulterated drugs in violation of 21 U.S.C. ยง 331(a) or 331(k) with intent to defraud or mislead either a purchaser of the drugs or any other person or entity (including the FDA), that person is subject to the punishment specified in ยง 333(a)(2).
Courts have held that schemes to circumvent the requirements of the FD&C Act constitute schemes to defraud the FDA. United States v. Bradshaw, 840 F.2d 871, 874 (11th Cir.) (expressly finding that an illicit steroid distribution scheme amounted to fraud against the FDA and state regulatory authorities), cert. denied, 109 S. Ct. 305 (1988); see also, e.g., Hammerschmidt v. United States, 265 U.S. 182, 188 (1924); Dennis v. United States, 384 U.S. 855, 861 (1966) (holding that an agreement to impair, obstruct or defeat the lawful function of the FDA constitutes a conspiracy to defraud an agency of the United States in violation of 18 U.S.C. ยง 371). Fraud against the FDA alleged in this indictment includes that the defendants interfered with the agency's governmental function and undermined the agency's important statutory responsibilities by preventing legitimate inspection and by preparing and maintaining false records that were required to be maintained under the FD&C Act.
The starting point of statutory construction is the plain language of the statute itself. Greyhound Corp. v. M[t]. Hood Stages, Inc., 437 U.S. 322, 330 (1978). If the language of the statute is clear, there is no need to look elsewhere. Packard Motor Car Co. v. NLRB, 330 U.S. 485, 492 (1947)." Because the words of ยง 333(a)(2) are unambiguous, there is no basis for or need to look beyond those words for enlightenment as to the statute's meaning. Caminetti v. United States, 242 U.S. 470, 485 (1917) ("Where the language is plain and admits of no more than one meaning, the duty of interpretation does not arise, and the rules which are to aid doubtful meanings need no discussion.").Nonetheless, a review of judicial decisions construing the FD&C Act and a consideration of the purposes to be served by the Act further support the conclusion that "intent to defraud or mislead" governmental regulatory bodies, and not just the ultimate consumer of misbranded drugs, is punishable as a felony under ยง 333(a)(2).
Although, to the government's knowledge, prior to the Bradshaw case in 1988, 840 F.2d 871, no written opinion construed the "intent to defraud or mislead" provision of ยง 333(b) [now codified as 21 U.S.C. ยง 333(a)(2)], the leading cases interpreting the related provisions of the FDC Act, 21 U.S.C. ยง 333(a), all concluded that the Act's enforcement provisions are to be liberally construed to effectuate the purposes of the Act.
In United States v. Dotterweich, 320 U.S. 277 (1943), the Court was faced with the question of whether a corporate officer, and not just the corporation itself, could be subject to prosecution and conviction under ยง 333(a) for introducing misbranded and adulterated drugs into interstate commerce in violation of 21 U.S.C. ยง 331(a). The Court of Appeals had reversed the conviction of the officer, Dotterweich, relying on an exception to the criminal liability provisions of the Act contained in 21 U.S.C. ยง 333(c), the so-called "guaranty clause," which insulates from criminal liability a person who introduces a violative product into interstate commerce in reliance upon a guaranty, given by the original supplier of the product, that the product is not adulterated or misbranded. 320 U.S. at 279-80. The Supreme Court rejected the Court of Appeals construction of the guaranty clause as "read[ing] an exception to an important provision safeguarding the public welfare with a liberality which more appropriately belongs to enforcement of the central purpose of the Act." Id. at 284 (emphasis added). The Court said:
The guaranty clause cannot be read in isolation. The Food and Drugs Act of 1906 was an exertion by Congress of its power to keep impure and adulterated food and drugs out of the channels of commerce. By the Act of 1938,[FN3] Congress extended the range of its control over illicit and noxious articles and stiffened the penalties for disobedience. The purposes of this legislation thus touch phases of the lives and health of people which, in the circumstances of modern industrialism, are largely beyond self-protection. Regard for these purposes should infuse construction of the legislation if it is to be treated as a working instrument of government and not merely as a collection of English words.
FN3. The Act of 1938, 52 Stat. 1040, 21 U.S.C. ยงยง 301--392, as amended, is the present FDC Act.
Id. at 280. Based on this analysis of the Act's purposes, the Court reinstated Dotterweich's conviction.
In United States v. Sullivan, 332 U.S. 689, 692 (1948), the Supreme Court once again rejected an appellate court's "narrow construction" of the FDC Act and upheld a conviction under the Act's misbranding provisions. The particular FD&C Act provision at issue in Sullivan was 21 U.S.C. ยง 331(k), which prohibited the doing of any act with respect to a drug, "while such article is held for sale after shipment in interstate commerce," that rendered the drug misbranded. The Supreme Court rejected the appellate court's construction that ยง 331(k) applied only to acts done by the first person to hold the drug after interstate shipment and not by subsequent intrastate purchasers of the drug who also held it for sale:
[T]he language used by Congress broadly and unqualifiedly prohibits misbranding articles held for sale after shipment in interstate commerce, without regard to how long after the shipment the misbranding occurred, how many intrastate sales had intervened, or who had received the articles at the end of the interstate shipment. Accordingly we find that the conduct of the respondent falls within the literal language of ยง 331(k).
Id. at 696.
The Sullivan Court found ample support for its decision in the purposes underlying the FDC Act:
Given the meaning that we have found the literal language of ยง 331(k) to have, it is thoroughly consistent with the general aims and purposes of the Act. For the Act as a whole was designed primarily to protect consumers from dangerous products. This Court so recognized in United States v. Dotterweich .... Its purpose was to safeguard the consumer by applying the Act to articles from the moment of their introduction into interstate commerce all the way to the moment of their delivery to the ultimate consumer.
Id.
More recently, in United States v. Park, 421 U.S. 658, 672-73 (1975), the Court reaffirmed the strict liability of corporate officers and agents, as enunciated in Dotterweich, for misdemeanor violations of the FDC Act:
Congress has seen fit to enforce the accountability of responsible corporate agents dealing with products which may affect the health of consumers by penal sanctions cast in rigorous terms, and the obligation of the courts is to give them effect so long as they do not violate the Constitution.
These cited cases are part of a large, uniform body of law which has consistently held that the FDC Act is to be liberally construed to effectuate its public health purposes.
The FDC Act protects consumers from adulterated and misbranded drugs by, inter alia, authorizing agents of FDA to enter and inspect the contents of any premises or vehicle in which drugs are held for or after introduction into interstate commerce to ensure proper storing, handling, and dispensing of drugs. 21 U.S.C. ยง 374. "Nothing is clearer than that the later legislation [the 1938 Act adopting the criminal provisions of ยง 333] was designed to enlarge and stiffen the penal net and not to narrow and loosen it." United States v. Dotterweich, 320 U.S. at 282.
Moreover, limiting the Act's felony provision only to cases involving "intentional misconduct intended to deceive the ultimate consumer" would render ยง 333(a)(2) a nullity with respect to several of the violations prohibited by 21 U.S.C. ยง 331. Section 331 prohibits not only violative activities that directly impact upon consumers but also activities that would inhibit FDA from fulfilling its regulatory mission. For example, ยง 331 prohibits refusal to permit access to and copying of records of interstate drug shipments, the failure to maintain records required under the Act such as drug manufacturing and production records and records of adverse drug reactions, refusal to permit entry or inspection of drug facilities by FDA, and the failure to register with FDA as a drug manufacturer. 21 U.S.C. ยงยง 331(e), (f), & (p).
Section 333(a)(2) applies by its terms to any person who violates any provision of ยง 331 with intent to defraud or mislead. While since such violations as those just listed do not directly affect the ultimate consumers of drugs (but rather affect FDA's ability effectively to regulate the drug industry and, thereby, to protect consumers), they nevertheless constitute felonies under the FD&C Act. Any alternative interpretation of ยง 333(a)(2) would read the statute out of existence with respect to whole classes of violations. This would, in part, "render the statute useless, a result inconsistent with the well-established principle of statutory construction requiring that all parts of an act be given effect, if at all possible." In re Hall, 752 F.2d 582, 586 (11th Cir. 1985); Weinberger v. Hynson, Westcott and Dunning, Inc., 412 U.S. 609, 633 (1973) ("well-settled rule of statutory construction that all parts of a statute, if at all possible, are to be given effect" applied to FDC Act's "new drug" definition).
Any contrary reading of the statute ยง 333(a)(2) would thus be, in reality, a loose reading of the statute that would impose limitations, for the benefit of violators, not present in the plain words or the manifest purposes of the FD&C Act. In analogous settings, courts have declined to read such limitations into otherwise unambiguous statutory language. See Riggs v. United States, 280 F.2d 750, 752 (5th Cir. 1960) (upholding conviction for passing counterfeit currency with intent to defraud even though recipient of currency knew it was counterfeit; "'intent to defraud' required by 18 U.S.C. ยง 472,[FN4] when, as here, such intent is not restricted by the terms of the indictment or by a bill of particulars to any specified person, may be an 'intent to defraud unknown third persons or the United States itself"); Bachrack v. United States, 75 F.2d 824, 824-25 (5th Cir. 1935) (statute prohibiting possession of counterfeit internal revenue stamps "uses the comprehensive term 'with intent to defraud' for the very purpose of making it immaterial whether the offender intended to defraud the government or some particular individual"); United States v. Cattle King Packing Co., 793 F.2d 232, 237-38 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 107 S. Ct. 573 (1986) (upholding convictions for violations of Federal Meat Inspection Act, with intent to defraud,[FN3] where defendants attempted to avoid inspection of spoiled meat by federal inspectors).
FN3. The Federal Meat Inspection Act makes any violation a misdemeanor and, modeled on the FDC Act, provides for enhanced felony punishment "if such violation involves intent to defraud." 21 U.S.C. ยง 676(a).
FN4. 18 U.S.C. ยง 472 provides, in relevant part, that "[w]hoever, with intent to defraud, passes ... any falsely made, forged, counterfeited, or altered obligation or other security of the United States, shall be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not more than fifteen years, or both."
There is simply no authority for any contrary interpretation of ยง 333(a)(2).
FRAUD ON THE CONSUMER
FIRM's [NOTE: name changed from original] manufacture of adulterated and misbranded drugs for distribution to unknown consumers also defrauded those ultimate consumers of those drugs. See Bradshaw, 840 F.2d at 873-74 n. 4. In addition to being deprived of the FD&C Act's safeguards that are designed to prevent consumers from having drugs in their possession that may be unsafe or ineffective, these individuals also received less than they bargained for. Consumers did not know that drug products they purchased had passed the established expiration date, were made from raw material that was delivered to FIRM in punctured barrels, contained metal fragments, desiccant and other extraneous matter, had been manufactured using unapproved and undocumented manufacturing procedures and that the quality control personal who tested these drugs had been instructed not to record failing test results. Had the ultimate consumers been informed of these facts, those products would, of course, have been unmarketable.
CONCLUSION
Intent to defraud or mislead, as defined at 21 U.S.C. ยง 333(a)(2), can be established by demonstrating a fraud upon either the ultimate consumer of the product, or upon the FDA, or both. In this case the evidence demonstrates that the defendants attempted to defraud and mislead both the ultimate consumer and the FDA.
Respectfully submitted,
JAMES B. BURNS
United States Attorney
SUSAN E. COX
Assistance United States Attorney
219 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
(312) 886-1223
LAWRENCE G. MCDADE
DEBORAH S. SMOLOVER
Office of Consumer Litigation
U.S. Department of Justice
P.O. Box 386
Washington, D.C. 10044
(202) 307-0138
(202) 307-0090
[cited in USAM 4-8.205]
:(
Any person who commits one of the prohibited acts set forth in 21 U.S.C. ยง 331 has violated the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act). However, any person who commits such an act "with the intent to defraud or mislead" is guilty of a felony and is subject, pursuant to 21 U.S.C. ยง 333(b)(2), to punishment of up to three year's imprisonment.
Too bad these laws weren't worth the paper they're written on. American law is no different than most other third world countries. You get the legal decision you can afford to pay for.
This law would apply to any business which intends to put into the "marketplace" cannabis with a label for public consumption before going through the FDA for approval first...Quote:
Originally Posted by killerweed420
So when our legislature decides to put this legislation into law it will be stopped from being implemented by the feds... i.e. look what happened to rcw 69.51 cannabis therapeutics research act.
These legislators know this and figure we the people are to stupid to figure it out until the ball drops and it is to late.
We will be in court again for the next 20 yrs.
I agree. No end in sight yet. More innocent people will die and be persecuted as our congress sits on its hands.Quote:
Originally Posted by jamessr
Hello, Im Iceshark, A MOD and reviewer from Thclist.com in WA
We all need to get on the horn to our senators and bill writing senetor Kohls to voice our displeasure in this cluster FCK!
Do you realize that Mike Cernell the Lakewood Senator put an amendment in that passed today for final bill. Its public on WA webpage.
You will need to every 3 months get an updated approval for your med paperwork from your doctor. No matter what is wrong with you! Plus if your doctor is deemed to write too many MMJ papers they will be subject to investigation!!
Do not let this slip by into law as its destined to now! First New Mexico went backwards. Then Montana, now Wa!
So this really sucks!
The initiative is the only way to even get honest dialog and law. The laws were meant to be written by the people without approval of another body. Even the courts cannot overrule the peoples will in the true legislative process. And now we have to prove it. And all the jailhouse lawyers can keep their comments to themselves. They aren't worth the wasted words. Frankly, the laws against cannabis alone, have been bogus from the beginning and have all been directed to enhance the corporate take over of and mastery of people's lives. Like DuPont's old slogan, "Better living through chemistry". And we all the know the poisonous side effects chemistry medications bring as baggage. :twocents:
Quote:
Originally Posted by iceshark