Help a botanist in training (1st time)

[Mole2k4]

Is it possible to grow outdoors and start in November?

No. Unless you start indoors and then move outdoors in about march/april but then again, if you can grow indoors for 6 months, why bother going outside?

How long would it take to grow a plant from start to smoke, when is the best time of year to start,

Complete life cycle outside = spring to fall.
AKA, about 7-8 months.
best time to start: early spring.

"how should I care for an outdoors plant?"
very carefully, seeing as outdoors, there are bugs, wildlife and the biggest risk --- humans.

I'm not an outdoor grower, but I think it takes around 7 months judging by the plants life cycle of one year. also, if you dry it and cure it, (which you really should) one extra month, so, 8 months minimum I would say.