Ritalin and Concerta are both methylphenidate, they have Ritalin sustained release capsules and tablets.
Concerta has a higher dose of methylphenidate.
Adderall is a mix of amphetamine salts, containing both dextro and levo amphetamine.
Dexedrine contains only dextroamphetamine. The dextro isomer is more potent.
Desoxyn is rarely prescribed, methamphetamine.

Crushing the tablets or balls inside the capsules will break the time release, so all of the drug is absorbed by your body quicker. Insufflation will provide a faster onset, more pronounced effects and a "rush" depending on the dosage.