you can, but they won't be really big plants
That's not true. For one thing, you want to make sure that the weather is suitable for proper growth. Low tempatures throughout the week should be a minimum of 45 degrees F. You also want the proper amount of ultra violet light. At the beginning of June the sun starts emmitting enough UV that is ideal for marijuana growth. (given that you live in midwestern u.s.) If you would of planted a seed on May 1st and planted another of the same strain on June 1st, they would both have the same number of nodes(give or take 1) by the 20th of June. That is just how nature works. Size of the plant has nothing to do when it was planted, just the conditions it was grown in.