Botany definitions

[karmaxul]

Perianth 1. The calyx and corolla collectively, particularly if they are of the same color (see illustration monocotyledon flowers). 2. The outer envelope of a flower. 3. The cup-shaped or tubular sheath surrounding the archegonia of some liverworts.

Pericarp The mature ovary wall, the wall of the fruit or seed vessel developed from the wall of the mature ovary.

Petiole The leaf stalk

Parenchyma The soft green undifferentiated cellular tissue made up of large, bluntended cells with thin cellulose walls found in many plant organs, particularly in the pulp of leaves and fruit and the pith of stems. The tissue is involved primarily with the distribution and storage of carbohydrates.

[xblackdogx]

seems like you posted ALL of them .. and that is just an ASSumption, due to me not clicking the link

[karmaxul]

Phenotype A group of individuals similar in appearance but not in genetical constitution

Phenotypic variation Variation produced by changes in environment.

Phloem The part of a vascular bundle consisting of sieve tubes, their companion cells, and adjacent parenchyma; the portion of the vascular bundle which is largely concerned in the transportation of food material; the inner part of the bark of a tree; the bast portion of a vascular bundle

Phosphate General term used to describe phosphorus-containing derivatives of phosphoric acid (H3PO4). The chemical containing the phosphate group (PO4-3) can be either organic or inorganic and either particulate or dissolved. Phosphates constitute and important plant nutrient

Photorespiration A process that occurs in the chloroplast and uses oxygen. Ribulose 1,5_ biphosphate is converted to phosphoglycolate and then glycolate. The glycolate is then shipped to the peroxisome and the mitochondria, where carbon dioxide is released. It is considered a wasteful process because it uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.

Photosynthesis The process of constructive metabolism in the green cells of a plant by which carbohydrates are formed in the presence of sunlight from carbon dioxide and water in the air with chlorophyll acting as an energy transformer.

Photosynthesis takes place in two phases:
First Phase:
6H2O + 6CO2------C6H12O6 + 6O2
Water + Carbon dioxide = Glucose + Oxygen
Second Phase:
n(C6H12O6)------- n(C6H10O5) + n(H2O)
Several glucose molecules together = Starch + Several Water molecules
First two inorganic substances, water (which plants absorb from the soil) and carbon dioxide (a gas which is absorbed from the atmosphere), plants produce first glucose and then starch, two organic substances that are part of living things. From the glucose, the mineral nitrogen, and other soil elements, vegetables produce all substances that form them through a complex series of chemical reactions.
Photosynthesis - a formidable chemical reaction - is possible only due to chlorophyll, a green pigment, which is found in green plants and acts as the catalysis for the reaction
Photosynthesis is the chemical basis of life on earth and though it seems quite simple, it has never been reproduced in a laboratory by any means. Through photosynthesis simple elements become complex: inorganic substances become organic substances. In other words, dead elements --from the soil and the atmosphere-- are transformed into living compounds---vegetables


phyllotaxy The pattern of leaf emergence of a plant. The arrangement of leaves on a stem is determined by the pattern of cell division and differentiation at the meristem and has a profound effect on the position of leaves, relative to one another. Phyllotaxy is usually constant and often diagnostic for any one species of plant. In sugarbeet, for example, all leaves emerge from the crown in an alternate pattern and are arranged in a 5/13 phyllotaxy. A 5/13 arrangement means that the leaves emerge from 13 vertical ranks around the crown and there are five turns around the crown before another leaf emerges in the same vertical rank.

Pinna A leaflet or a branch of a pinnately compound leaf.

Pinnate With leaflets or veins on each side of a common stem or vein in a feather-like arrangement.

pith Soft tissue with texture of sponge in the middle of the stem of many plants;

Plumule The embryonic shoot or bud in the seed located between the cotyledons which develops into the stem and leaves of the plant.

Pneumatophore An aerial structure which grows vertically upward from roots embedded in mud, composed of spongy tissue (aerenchyma), presumed to function as respiratory organs, as the knees of the bald cypress; the air bladder of water plants.

(my brain is turning to mush need bud fast)

Pollen The dusty or sticky material produced in the stamens of flowers. It is composed of microspores each of which contains two male nuclei and upon contact with a suitable stigma fertilizes the ovules to produce seed.

Pollination The transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A method for enzymatically amplifying a DNA sequence in large amounts using a heat-stable polymerase and suitable primers to direct the amplification of the desired region of DNA. (wtf-karmaxul)

Primary root The root formed by an extension of the radicle of the embryo.

Primordial leaf The first leaf to succeed the cotyledons.

Primordium The earliest development of any structure or organ. A rudiment, an Anlage.

progeny The subsequent generation following a mating or crossing of parents; offspring.

Prokaryote A bacterial cell lacking a true nucleus; its DNA is usually in one long strand

Protein A large molecule composed of one or more chains of amino acids in a specific order; the order is determined by the base sequence of nucleotides in the gene coding for the protein. Proteins are required for the structure, function, and regulation of cells, tissues, and organs, and each protein has unique functions. Examples are hormones, enzymes, and antibodies.
A complex compound of oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen with traces of other elements; and albuminous substance which is an essential constituent of the living cell for food and growth.

Rachis 1. The main flower stem to which the outer parts are attached. 2. The axis of a compound leaf, spike, or raceme. 3. The main ribs of a frond.

Recalcitrant Marked by stubborn resistance to and defiance e.g. plants that are difficult to regenerate or propagate and seeds that are difficult to germinate.

Recombination frequency The frequency at which crossing over occurs between two chromosomal loci; the probability that two loci will become unlinked during meiosis.

Relative humidity (rh) The ratio of the amount of moisture or water vapour (vapour pressure) in the air (the humidity) to the total moisture that the air could hold at that temperature, i.e. saturated with water vapour (saturation vapour pressure), is the relative humidity. It is usually expressed as a percentage and abbreviated to rh. Air saturated with water vapour has a relative humidity of 100% and when only half saturated the rh is 50%. In UK experience, an rh of 69 to 70% is satisfactory for cold smoking

Rhizosphere The surface and immediate neighborhood of a root which provides a specialized environment for microorganisms. The term is also used to define the microflora that lives in this region.

Rhizosphere The region in the soil surrounding the root system of a plant which is affected by its excretions

Ribonucleic acid A chemical found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells; it plays an important role in protein synthesis and other chemical activities of the cell. The structure of RNA is similar to that of DNA. There are several classes of RNA molecules, including messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, and other small RNAs, each serving a different purpose.

Root hair A tubular outgrowth from the epidermis of a young root which serves to absorb water and mineral salts from the soil. It arises above the root cap and growing point, and its cavity is continuous with the cell from which the root hair has developed.

Saprophyte A plant which lives upon dead animal or vegetable matter.

Sclerenchyma Rigid or strengthening tissue composed of thick-walled cells often having the shape of fibers, stone cells in tissue, hard tissue, mechanical supporting tissue.

Secondary root A root branching from other roots or growing from stems.

Selfed Fertilized by its own pollen, self-pollinated.

Selfing The pollination of a stigma with pollen from the anthers of the same flower or plant.

Sessile Without a stalk, sitting directly on the base.

Silica The mineral of which quartz, sand, flint, etc., are composed and which occurs in many rough (to the touch) plants.

Somatic embryogenesis Embryos are produced either from somatic cells of explants (direct embryogenesis) or by induction on callus formed by explants (indirect embryogenesis). a.k.a. asexual embryogenesis.

Spicule A small pointed appendage somewhat soft and fleshy, the point of the basidium in fungi, a sterigma, a diminutive spike or prickle.

Sporophore A mycelial structure which bears a spore, a spore-bearing branch or organ, a fruit body, the reproductive body in fleshy fungi.

Stigma The tip of a pistil which is receptive to the pollen grains and upon which they germinate.

Stoma An opening surrounded by guard cells which opens into internal air cavities, the breathing apparatus in the epidermis of leaves. Stomata are breathing pores in the epidermis of leaves or stems

[karmaxul]

Stomata 1) minute openings in epidermis of aerial parts of plants, especially on the underside of leaves, through which air and water vapour enters the intercellular spaces, and through which carbon dioxide and water vapour from respiration is released. Stomata can be opened or closed by changes in turgor of the two guard cells that surround the central pore. See illustrations: leaf cross section and morphology of leaves; 2) any small openings or pores in various structures.

Stroma 1. A dense mass of interwoven hyphae, fleshy to thorny in texture, cushion-like, columnar, club-shaped or branched in form, on which or in which fructifications develop. 2. A dense, colorless part of a chloroplast.

Sucker A shoot arising from a subterranean part of a plant, any shoot at first subterranean then aerial which may ultimately form an independent plant.

Sucrose Empirical formula: C12H22O11. Common table sugar, a white, crystalline solid with a sweet taste. Common names, which indicate the natural source, include cane sugar, beet sugar, and maple sugar. A disaccharide, sucrose can be hydrolized to yield invert sugar, a mixture of unequal amounts of fructose and glucose.

Taproot If the root which arises out of the radicle from the seed continues to grow throughout the life of the crop giving rise to many other roots from itself, then the root is called a tap root. It is also the central or the leading root which penetrates deeply into the ground from which many other roots originate. The growing tip of the tap root unless damaged by physical means like insects or other means, continues to grow deeper into the soil in search of water and nutrients and also give rise to other roots.

Testa The outer integument, the seed coat.

Transpiration (1) The quantity of water absorbed, transpired, and used directly in the building of plant tissue during a specified time period. It does not include soil evaporation. (2) The process by which water vapour escapes from a living plant, principally through the leaves, and enters the atmosphere. As considered practically, transpiration also includes Guttation. Transpiration, combined with Evaporation from the soil, is referred to as Evapotranspiration.

Tricarpous Of three carpels.

Trichome A hair-like outgrowth of the epidermis, as a hair or bristle. (and what is the epidermis made of, hmmmm swolen epidermis (my brian is burning almost done)

Turgor The distention of living tissue due to internal pressures.

Tylose A balloon-like extension of a parenchyma cell that protrudes into the lumen of a neighbouring xylem vessel or tracheid through a pit in the cell wall.

Urea A chemical of formula (CH2)2CO. It is the end-point of nitrogen metabolism in animals and some fishes. It is a feature of elasmobranchs, (sharks, dogfishes, rays, skates), that they accumulate urea in their tissues. Urea has a {{bitter taste}} and contributes to the characteristic flavour of this group of fish. It is degraded to ammonia by enzymes in muscle tissue and by spoilage organisms of fish, leading to the very strong, pungent, odour of spoiling elasmobranchs.

Variety 1. An indefinite subdivision of a species usually applicable to a morphological variant or variant group, a form which is not typical but is not sufficiently recognizable to be designated by a specific name, a variant in color or in habitat. 2. A plant subordinate to a species.

Vascular bundle One of the groups of connecting and supporting tissue characteristic of vascular plants; a strand of conductive tissue composed of a strand of xylem and a strand of phloem, sometimes separated by cambium and sometimes containing sclerenchymatous supporting tissue.

Vector Any agent which transmits a virus disease from one host plant to another, as an insect vector.

Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM)
An intimate and perhaps usually mutualistic association between a fungus and a plant root in which the fungus enters the host cells and also usually extends widely into the surrounding soil cf. Ectomycorrhiza.

Viroid A plant pathogen that consists of a naked RNA molecule of approximately 250-350 nucleotides, whose extensive base pairing results in a nearly correct double helix. See Satellite RNA.

Vitamin B Vitamin B is the shared name of a group of vitamins that occurs parallel. These vitamins include: B1 (tiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B5 (pantethine ), B6 (pyridoxine) and B12 (cobalamin).

Vitamin C Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): found in citrus fruits, tomoatoes, peppers, cabbage, potatoes, and berries.
Important in collagen (connective tissue) synthesis, and resistance to infection and stress.
Insufficient dietary vitamin C may lead to scurvy.

Vitamin E Vitamin E (Tocopherols and Tocotrienols) is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists in eight different forms. It is an antioxidant that protects cells against the effects of free radicals, which are potentially damaging by-products of metabolism. Vegetable oils, nuts, and green leafy vegetables have high natural vitamin E content.

Water deficit The precipitation is smaller than the potential evapotranspiration during a certain period of time

Water table The level of the saturation of soil by ground water.

water table The upper boundary for groundwater at which the pressure in the groundwater is equal to atmospheric pressure (USDA, 1954). The body of groundwater is not confined by an overlying impermeable formation (ICID, 1975).

waterlogging State of and in which the subsoil water table is located at or near the surface (ICID, 1975). In other words access water is accumulated in the root zone of the soil

Xylem Xylem is a complex tissue composed of xylem vessels, xylem tracheids, xylem fibres and xylem parenchyma.
Xylem vessels: Xylem vessels comprise a vertical chain of lengthened, dead cells known as vessel elements. The cells are arranged end to end and the cross-walls dissolve completely or have simple or complex perforation plates between successive cells. The secondary walls of vessels are impregnated with lignin and are thickened unevenly. The walls of the vessels may be thickened in different ways, e.g. annular, spiral and pitted thickening may be observed.
Xylem tracheids: A tracheids is an elongated cell, the contents of which are non-living. The cell walls are thickened, impregnated with lignin and the lumen is smaller. As in the case of vessels, there is a differentiation between annular, spiral and pitted tracheids again caused by the type of thickening of the secondary walls. Tracheids have no perforation plates.
Xylem fibres and xylem parenchyma bear a strong resemblance to normal fibres and parenchyma. Xylem fibres are sometimes separated by thin cross walls and the walls of xylem parenchyma are sometimes thicker than those of normal parenchyma.
Functions:
A. Xylem is an important strengthening tissue,
B. Xylem vessels and tracheids transport water and mineral salts,
C. Starch is sometimes stored in the xylem fibres and xylem parenchyma.

There are a couple more botany ones mixed in but they sounded dumb plus I couldnt pronounce them.........................

One love
c

[karmaxul]

Channel 8 news just stopped by for an interview regarding the hemp leafs painted on my house and I made the front page of the local paper today yet again. Glad I got the house with high visabilty from the main road in town. Any one in CT can see the story tonight during the breaking news between 5 and 6:30pm.:thumbsup:

I was supposed to argue the dismissal of the case on Friday but the states attorney called me yesterday and asked for a month extention said he wasn't able to mae it on Friday. Guess he doesn't have a leg to stand on. Its now going to be April 6, 2006.

One love
c

[karmaxul]

Just did a interview with channel 30 they are airing it tonight at 6pm.

One love
c

[karmaxul]

Check channel 3 off the list, airing tonight.
The reporter said he is a supporter of the cause. I kind of wish I had cable.

One love
c