Botany definitions

[karmaxul]

Great link for terms and definitions ( a ten minute read, a couple have nothing to do with plants)

http://ecoport.org/ep?SearchType=earticleResourceView&earticleId=127&resource=Glossary

One love
c

[karmaxul]

Ill post all the good ones... maybe an hour or so (no need to read)

Autogamy 1. Self-fertilization, the fertilization of a flower by its own pollen. 2. The fusion of nuclei in paris within a single cell of the female organ but not accompanied by cell fusion.

Auxin An accessory growth-promoting substance in the food of plants, a hormone produced in the tips of plants which travels through the plant from cell to cell. Auxin veers away from light and causes the plant to grow faster on one side and curve toward light.

Autogamous Requiring only one individual to accomplish self-fertilization.

Autogamy 1. Self-fertilization, the fertilization of a flower by its own pollen. 2. The fusion of nuclei in paris within a single cell of the female organ but not accompanied by cell fusion.

One love
c

[karmaxul]

Autogamy 1. Self-fertilization, the fertilization of a flower by its own pollen. 2. The fusion of nuclei in paris within a single cell of the female organ but not accompanied by cell fusion.

Auxin An accessory growth-promoting substance in the food of plants, a hormone produced in the tips of plants which travels through the plant from cell to cell. Auxin veers away from light and causes the plant to grow faster on one side and curve toward light.

Autogamous Requiring only one individual to accomplish self-fertilization.

Autogamy 1. Self-fertilization, the fertilization of a flower by its own pollen. 2. The fusion of nuclei in paris within a single cell of the female organ but not accompanied by cell fusion.

Actinomycete Gk. aktis - ray, mukes - fungus.

Group of heterotropic filamentous eubacteria tending to form extremely fine ramified mycelia. They multiply by mere breaking of the mycelium or by hyphae. The most common genera in soil (Streptomyces and Nocardia) are particularly able to degrade organic substances which cannot easily by decomposed, thereby producing vitamins and antibiotics. Being aerobic, their presence in a soil signifies good structure and good aeration. They can be symbiotic with some higher plants such as Alnus and Myrica

Albumen Nutritive material stored within the seed usually surrounding the embryo but not within the embryo, the nutritive matter in the seed used by the young plant until it develops roots and leaves; see ENDOSPERM.

Allele One of the forms of a gene.

Allogamous Requiring two individuals to accomplish sexual reproduction; habitually cross-fertilized although capable of self-fertilization

Allogamy Cross-fertilization; see geitonogamy; the opposite of autogamy.

Anthesis The period of flowering, the time of the expansion of a flower, the period of pollination.

Biotope The life area of the smallest space, a microhabitat within the phytocoenosis.

Bract 1. A relatively small leaf just below an inflorescence, flower, or flower part (see illustration morphology of flower heads). 2. A leaf or scale in whose axis an inflorescence, flower, or floral organ is produced. 3. A small rudimentary or imperfectly developed leaf. 4. A leaf subtending a flower.

Brix The Brix scale is a measure of the percent of sugar in the solution or of the number of grams of sucrose present per 100 grams of aqueous sugar solution. (50 Brix means 50 grams of solid per 100 gms of solution)

Bud The undeveloped state of a branch or flower cluster with or without scales, an undeveloped shoot or stem, the rudimentary or resting end or branch of a stem, an embryonic shoot, a growing point or undeveloped axis covered with the rudiments of leaves.

C3 Photosynthesis pathway Calvin cycle (aka Calvin-Benson Cycle or Carbon Fixation) (also referred to as a C-3 pathway) is a series of biochemical, enzyme-mediated reactions during which atmospheric CO2 is reduced and incorporated into organic molecules, eventually some of this forms sugars. The Calvin Cycle occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts. CO2 is captured by the chemical ribulose biphosphate (RuBP). Six molecules of CO2 enter the Calvin Cycle, eventually producing one molecule of glucose.
The first stable product of the Calvin Cycle is phosphoglycerate (PGA). The energy from ATP and NADPH energy carriers generated by the photosystems is used to attach phosphates to (phosphorylate) the PGA. Eventually there are 12 molecules of glyceraldehyde phosphate (also known as phosphoglyceraldehyde or PGAL), two of which are removed from the cycle to make a glucose. The remaining PGAL molecules are converted by ATP energy to reform 6 RuBP molecules, and thus start the cycle again.

Calyx The outer floral envelope of the flowering plants usually green in color and composed of sepals, the sepals considered collectively, the outer set of the floral envelope. When there is but one set, it is considered the calyx. See illustration morphology of flowers or morphology of apple flower and fruit.

Cambium The thin layer of formative tissue beneath the bark of dicotyledons and gymnosperms from which new wood and bark originate, a sheath of generative tissue ordinarily between the xylem and phloem, the meristematic zone from which new growth develops, the secondary tissue from which secondary growth arises in stems and roots. See illustration changes in a stem as it increases in age or details of stem structure.

Canopy 1. The layer of branches, twigs, and leaves formed by woody plants at some distances above ground level. 2. A characteristic membrane within the testa surrounding the free part of the nucleus.

Carbohydrate Any member of a large class of chemical compounds that includes sugars, starches, cellulose, and related compounds. Carbohydrates are produced naturally by green plants from carbon dioxide and water (see photosynthesis). Essential nutrients, they are the human body's main source of both quick and sustained energy. The three main classes of carbohydrates are monosaccharides, which are the simple sugars, e.g., fructose and glucose; disaccharides, which are made up of two monosaccharide units and include lactose, maltose, and sucrose; and polysaccharides, which are polymers with many monosaccharide units and include cellulose, glycogen, and starch.

Carpel One of the female reproductive organs of the flower, i.e. a unit of the gynoecium. See illustration main types of gynoecium, morphology of apple flower and fruit or morphology of citrus flower and fruit.

Cation exchange capacity The total number of negatively charged ion sites in a given volume of soil. These may be linked either to basic ions (e.g. potassium) or hydrogen ions. As the proportion of hydrogen ions increase so the acidity increases and the pH falls.

Cation exchange capacity The cation exchange capacity (CEC) is a measure of the soil's ability to retain cationic nutrients. It is also an index of the clay activity and mineralogy, which is important for calculating mineralisation rates, leaching rates and interaction with pollutants. It changes relatively slowly, and largely due to changes in the soil organic carbon and pH.
When dissolved in water, the nutrients are either positively charged or negatively charged. Examples of positively charged ions (cations) include: calcium (Ca++), magnesium (Mg++), potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), hydrogen (H+) and ammonium (NH4+). Soils have a slight excess of negative charge sites due to the presence of clay particles and organic matter. Thus the higher the clay content and organic matter content, the higher the CEC of the soil. Soils with a high CEC will tend to hold onto the positively charged nutrients better than soils with a low CEC.

Cellulose The carbohydrate which composes the cell walls; the primary cell-wall substance; an amorphous white compound which is isomeric with starch and insoluble in ordinary solvents; the raw material for the manufacture of paper, artificial silk, laquers, films, etc.

Chiasma The exchange of material between chromosomes during nuclear division, a crosswise fusion at one or more points of paired chromosomes or chromatids which are twisted about each other in meiosis; an exchange of partners in a system of paired chromatids, a visible genetic cross-over between chromosomes and chromatids; pl. chiasmata.

Chromosome A single DNA molecule, a tightly coiled strand of DNA, condensed into a compact structure in vivo by complexing with accessory histones or histone-like proteins. Chromosomes exist in pairs in higher eukaryotes. See chromosome walking.
Derives from: chroma + soma.

Coir Fibrous material derived from the outer husk of Cocos nucifera, the coconut palm; used as an environmentally friendly fibre.

Cortex 1. A cylinder of parenchymatous cells between the epidermis and the starch sheath (the endodermis) in a young stem and between the piliferous layer and the endodermis in a young root (see illustration primary plant body of a root or details of stem structure).
2. A similar cylinder in the older stems and roots, but less conspicuous.
3. A cellurar coating on the outide of the thalli of some algae.
4. The outer layers of the thallus in lichens and some fungi.

Cotyledon The seedleaf, a leaf-like organ within the seed, a leaf-like structure folded within a seed in which food for the new plant is usually stored. The number of cotyledons in a seed is the basis for the primary divisions of the seed plants into monocotyledons and dicotyledons. See illustration the body of a seed plant (common bean) or vascular connection between shoot and root.

Cross-pollination The deposition of pollen from one flower to the stigma in another by artificial or natural means.

Cultivar A botanical variety that has originated under cultivation.

Cuticle 1. A continous, non-cellular layer (covering the surface of the epidermis of the aerial parts of plants) consisting of cutin and containing no cellulose. See illustration morphology of leaves.
2. A water-repellant outer membrane of plant parts.
3. In fungi, a differentiated tissue consisting of a single layer of hyphae covering the pileus or stipe.
4. A pellicle.

[karmaxul]

Diallel Denoting hereditary lines which cross. A diallel cross involves all possible matings of several known males and females.

Dimorphism A difference in size, form, or colour, between individuals of the same species, characterising two distinct types.

Drip irrigation A planned irrigation system in which water is applied directly to the Root Zone of plants by means of applicators (orifices, emitters, porous tubing, perforated pipe, etc.) operated under low pressure. The applicators may be placed on or below the surface of the ground. Also see Irrigation Systems.

Embryo Derives from embryon, from bryein;
1. The young plant developed from the fertilized egg cell.
2. A rudimentary plant still enclosed in the seed, the young sporophyte resulting from the union of male and female sex cells. See illustration of cross section of fruits or vascular connection between shoot and root.

(I will include pictures if any after the definitons)

[karmaxul]

Embryo sac In seed the great, thinwaled cell in which the fertilization of the ovum and the development of the embryo takes place. See illustration the structure and main types of ovule.

[karmaxul]

Embryogenesis A physiological process leading to the formation of embryos.

Endocarp The usually woody-textured inner layer of the pericarp.

Endosperm 1. The multicellular food-storing tissue formed inside a seed of flowering plants following the double fertilization of the embryo sac by the second sperm nucleus. 2. The prothallus of the female gametophyte of gymnosperms.

Epicarp The outer layer of the ovary wall, the superficial layer of the pericarp especialy when it can be stripped off as a skin, the epicarpium.

Epidemiology The study of the dynamics of disease in populations. Generally has two aspects:
'Genetical' epidemiology in which the patterns of gene-flow in interacting populations of hosts and pathogens are studied. For example, a plant breeder may introduce a gene for resistance to disease. The resistance gene is first identified and evaluated in small experimental plots, and if found promising, it is then submitted to larger-scale field trials and subsequent release for commercial cultivation. The expression of disease in the host population carrying the new gene reflects the dynamic balance between adaptation and selection as the new host resistance gene exerts selection pressure on the pathogen population to try and adapt to overcome the newly introduced resistance gene. At first the pathogen population is at a disadvantage, facing a new situation (selection pressure) to which the pathogen had not been exposed previously. Consequently, most individuals in the pathogen population are not 'fit' and are epidemiologically 'incompetent' to cause disease. An observer seeing the field at this time will believe that the resistance mechanism introduced by the plant breeder is sucessful. However, since a pathogen population can pass through many hundreds more life cycles than its average host, and because the rate of adaptation is elicited and determined by the rate and nature of selection pressure, the pathogen population becomes progressively 'used to' the resistance gene by overcoming it.
Resistance genes can exert either qualitative or quantitative selection pressure. Just as there is, in chemistry, both (a1) [enzyme x substrate] specifcity; i.e. a qualitative lock-and-key recognition whereby a specific enzyme has its 'own' or a 'preferred' substrate, and (b1) quantitative variation in the rate at which enzymes after recognition, may catalyze a substrate, so too in plant disease, do (a2) vertical resistance genes in the host exert qualitative selection pressure that is usually, but not always or axiomatically more easily overcome by the pathogen; and (b2) do {{horizontal resistance}} genes exert quantitative selection pressure that is usually, but not always or axiomatically less easily overcome by the pathogen. Thus, the expression and erosion of vertical resistance may be compared to an athlete facing a pole vaulting hurdle: there is a single threshold that has to overcome after which there are no further obstacles. In contrast, the expression of horizontal resistance could be compared to mountain climbing in which every step of the route poses a small portion of the overall 'quantity' of the challenge that has to beovercome to succeed.
Host genes and pathogen genes do not interact directly, but do so through their intermedaries enzymes, proteins and other compounds determined by gene expression processes. Many of these are influenced by the environment, as are levels of pathogen population affected by external factors such as competition and, in agriculture, by factors such as crop spacing that influences micro-climate. This host x pathogen x environment (Hg x Pg x E) interaction, as it is viewed or interpreted from the perspective of genetics and plant breeding (hence the 'g' in (Hg x Pg x E) above, constitutes the 'genetical' component of epidemiology.
'Ecological epidemiology on the other hand, studies fluctuations in disease in populations due to ecological and abiotic factors that influence the host x pathogen interaction. Here too the (H x P x E) interaction is the centre of focus, but now the emphasis is on the many factors in the environment, such as weather effects, competition, density dependence etc., are the focus of study.
Ecological epidemiology is concerned with methods and procedures that measure the rates of disease in populations. It tries to identify the critical parameters; e.g. the {{incubation period}} and the latent period as well as abiotic factors such as relative humidity, rainfall, soil pH and others, that determine these rates, and then it tries to partition and ascribe the observed variation in in disease patterns to understand epidemics in terms of driving parameters and factors. The final purpose being the practical objective of reducing disease impact wthout causing environmental damage.

Epidermis The thin external layer of protective cells of a plant ; a sheath of closely united cells, usualy one cell thick, which forms a layer over the stems and leaves. It is usualy continuous except where stomata perporate it. See illustrations: leaf cross section, morphology of leaves, changes in a stem as it increases in age or primary plant body of a root.

[karmaxul]

Epistasis The dominant action of a different chromosome or at a different locus on the same chromosome.

Etiolation The blanched condition produced in plants by the lack of light or by disease.

Etiology The sciene of the causes of disease.

Evapotranspiration Amount of water transferred into the atmosphere by evaporation from the soil surface and by plant transpiration

Exodermis The outermost cortial layer of the adult root.

Fat Vegetable oils, non-nitrogenous reserves in seeds or the volatile oils which perfume many flowers and leaves. (I wonder if you could add smell by increasing the fat?-karmaxul)

Fiber Elongated sclerenchyma cells; slender, thick-walled cells many times longer than wide; prosenchyma.

Frond 1. A general term for the leaf of a fern which differs from a typical leaf in that it bears reproductive organs on its surface. 2. The leaf-like thallus of a liverwort or seaweed. 3. The leaf of a palm.

Fructose A fruit sugar, levulose, a keto-hexose sugar.
Simple sugar found in honey and fruit. Sweeter than sucrose, fructose is a carbohydrate with the same formula as glucose, but with a different structure (see isomer). An equimolar mixture of fructose and glucose, called invert sugar, is obtained by the breakdown of sucrose and is the major component of honey.

Gametophyte The phase in the life cycle of plants which bears the sex organs and gives rise to the gametes.

Gene The hereditary unit which controls the appearance of definite characters. The functional unit of heredity. A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a specific biochemical function in a living organism.

Genetic drift Random changes in gene frequency within a population resulting from sampling effects rather than natural selection, and hence of greatest importance in small populations.

Genome A complete haploid set of chromosomes as it is inherited from each parent, a genom.

Genotype 1. A group of individuals which are alike with respect to their hereditary factors.
2. The entire genetic constitution of an organism.
3. The single species upon which the genus is based.

Genus The principal subdivision of a family (plural: genera), a more or less closely related and definable group of plants comprised of one or more species. The generic name becomes the first word of the binomial employed in all member species.

Germ pore A pit on the surface of a spore membrane through which a germ tube makes its apperance. See illustration of pollen differentiation.

[karmaxul]

Germplasm Plants intended for use in breeding or conservation programmes

Glucose 1. The common sugar produced in plants. 2. A group of carbohydrates, crystallizable and soluble in water, occurring in fruits, as grape sugar. 3. A commercial term for syrups made from starch or gain.
Empirical formula: C6H12O6. White crystalline sugar; somewhat less sweet-tasting than sucrose (table sugar), it is found in fruits and honey. Glucose is the major source of energy in animal metabolism. It requires no digestion prior to absorption into the bloodstream. A monosaccharide (also see carbohydrate), glucose can be obtained by hydrolysis of a variety of more complex carbohydrates, e.g., maltose, cellulose, or glycogen. It is commercially made from cornstarch (see starch) and is used in sweetening candy, chewing gum, jellies, and various foods. Glucose present in urine may be a symptom of diabetes.

Halophyte A plant that can grow in a saline habitat.(kelp? - karmaxul)

Haustorium 1. An absorptive structure of a fungus mycelium or a modified root or shoot of a higher plant which serves as an attachment to obtain food through penetration of the host cells. 2. The foot of the embryo of a fern.

Heterosis Cross-fertilization, hybrid vigor, the increased growth vigor exhibited by a hybrid.
Refers to the phenomenon in which the Fl hybrid obtained by the crossing of two genetically dissimilar parents shows superiority over the best standard check prevailing at that time in one or a combination of characters.

Heterozygous Possessing both the dominant and the recessive genes of an allelomorphic pair.

Homozygous Having both parents transmit identical genes for a particular character, being genetically pure (for pairs of genes).

Hybrid The offspring of two different varieties, species, or genera; a heterozygote.

Hybrid vigour The increased vigor of a hybrid when it is greater than that of either of the parents.

Hybridization 1. The result of crossing of more or less dissimilar parents. 2. The act or process of hybridization.

hydromorphic Denoting areas with waterlogged soils (Grims Droopy-karmaxul)

Hypodermis hypo + dermis; The tissue just beneath the epidermis which serves to strengthen itself.

Inbreeding 1. In plants, self-fertilization (the most efficient and rapid method to produce homozygous genes to obtain a pure line). (result-karmaxul)

Inbreeding depression The reduction in vigor often observed in progeny from matings between close relatives. Inbreeding depression is due to the expression of recessive deleterious alleles and is usually severe in open-pollinated outcrossing species that occur in fairly high population densities.

Internode inter + nodus; The space between nodes or phalanges. See illustration morphology of grass plants (not posting the pic Im on a role everyone should know this one anyway)

Introgression The movement of genes from one population into another through hybridization followed by backcrossing. Usually refers to movement of genes from one species to another or among sub-species that have been geographically isolated then brought back together by changes in the species ranges or planting of exotic populations.

Lamina 1. A layer.
2. The blade or extended part of a leaf, the leafy portion or blade of the frond above, and attached to the petiole.

Lateral roots Lateral roots are the side roots which originate from the tap root. Lateral roots are mainly found only in the dicotyledonous plants.

Leaf area index The area of leaves exposed over a unit area of land surface.

Leaf scar The scar left on the twig at the point where a leaf has fallen. It is usually covered with a thin layer of corky tissue, periderm.

Leaflet One of the component parts of a compound leaf blade.

Lignified Lignified means that high amounts of the natural "cement" called ligninis deposited within the cellulose strands in the cell walls. This makes the cell walls very tough. Having tough, lignified cell walls is a unique feature of trees.Keslick (1997)

Lignin The substance which is deposited in cell walls to produce woody tissue, a secondary deposit which forms the greater part of the bulk of ordinary wood, lignine.

Lipase The enzyme which splits fats.

Lipoprotein Compounds found in membranes composed of protein and fats.

Locus 1. The position of a gene on a chromosome in a linkage group or on a chromosome map.

Meristem The undifferentiated formative or generative cells of plants which give rise to daughter cells capable of further division, the cells found in the cambium or growing points capable of further development.

Mesocarp The middle layer (between the endocarp and the exocarp) of the pericarp which consists of three layers. See illustration of cross section of fruits. ( wasnt sure if I should put in this picture but I need a bowl break and did not want to loose any info)

[karmaxul]

Molasses Molasses is a by product of the sugar refining industry. Cane and beet molasses are the end-products of the sugar manufacturing process and once no more sugar can be crystallised from the raw crop, the residual product is molasses. A hundred tonnes of sugar cane will give 10-11 tonnes of sugar and 3-4 tonnes of molasses, whilst 100 tonnes of sugar beet will give 11-12 tonnes of sugar and 4-6 tonnes of molasses.
Molasses is suitable for feeding as a supplement to grass and silage. It is difficult to predict the exact composition of molasses. Soil and climatic conditions, the variety and maturity of the cane or beet and the processing conditions in the factory all influence molasses composition. Consequently, considerable variation may be found in nutrient content, flavour, colour and viscosity. The average composition of molasses is 20% water, 35% sucrose, dextrose (glucose) 7%, levulose (fructose) 9%, other reducing substances 3%, other carbohydrates 4%, ash 12%, nitrogenous compounds 4.5%, non-nitrogenous acids 5%, wax, sterols and phospholipids 0.4%, pigments 0%, vitamins 0%.
Molasses is a rich source of minerals. In comparison to other commonly used sources of dietary energy, e.g. cereal grains, the calcium content of cane molasses is high (up to 1%), whereas the phosphorus content is low. Cane molasses is also high in sodium, potassium (which are present as chlorides), magnesium and sulphur. Beet molasses tends to be higher in both potassium and sodium but lower in calcium content. Molasses also contains significant quantities of trace minerals, copper for example (7ppm), zinc (10ppm), iron (200ppm), manganese (200ppm).

Monomorphic Producing spores of one form or kind.

Mycoplasma A mycoplasma is not a bacteria or virus; Rather, a mycoplasma is a mollicute with no cell-wall and is characterized as a virus-like infectious agent, somewhere in-between a virus and bacteria in complexity.
Mycoplasmas are unicellular, procaryotic disease-causing organisms of pleomorphic structure with no cell wall. In vitro they grow on special media and characteristically form "fried egg" shaped colonies. Like viruses, they are filtrable but are much larger. Transmission is affected by leafhoppers, planthoppers and psyllid vectors as well as by grafting and dodder.
Mycoplasmas are wall-less procaryotes, which can be pathogens of man, animal and plants.

Mycorrhiza A fungus attached to the roots of a plant, and in a symbiotic relationship with that plant.

Mycorrhiza A commonly mutualistic and intimate association between the roots of a plant and a fungus. See also Ectomycorrhiza and Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza.

Nitrogen fixation The conversion of elemental nitrogen in the atmosphere (N2) to a reduced form (e.g., ammonia and amino groups of amino acids) that can be used as a nitrogen source by organisms. The process is important since all organisms require a source of nitrogen for nutrition, and N2 cannot be used by the great majority of the biota to satisfy that need. Biological nitrogen fixation is carried out by a variety of organisms; however, those responsible for most of the fixation are certain species of bluegreen algae, the soil bacterium Azotobacter, and the symbiotic association of plants of the legume variety and the bacterium Rhizobium.

Nitrogen fixation The fixation of nitrogen by bacteria and fungi. Generally only those organisms which are prokaryotic in cell structure are able to fix nitrogen. Fixation of nitrogen by the living organisms is called biological nitrogen fixation. Generally, the conversion of inert Nitrogen (N2) into the combined form either as Ammonia (NH3) or Nitrate (NO3) is called nitrogen fixation. This form of combined nitrogen can be utilized by the plants for their nitrogen needs. This process of fixation of nitrogen is highly energy consuming. In crops like pea, the energy cost of nitrogen fixation has been worked out. A total of 9 â?? 10 kg of carbohydrates is required for each kilogram of nitrogen fixed. Biological Nitrogen Fixation (BNF) is limited by the photosynthetic capacity of the plants. This is because nitrogen fixation requires carbohydrates to provide electrons and ATP. Nitrogen fixation is also done industrially through the Haber-Bosch process wherein nitrogen is catalytically reduced under conditions of high temperature and pressure into ammonia. The process is represented as thus : (N2 + 3H2O -- 2NH3). Due to increasing costs of fuel and energy, more attention is being paid to biological nitrogen fixation systems as an alternative to industrial nitrogen fixation.
Biological Nitrogen Fixation is generally restricted to organisms with a cell structure which is prokaryotic in nature. These include the bacteria and blue green algae. There are in general three different systems of nitrogen fixation. Symbiosis. Associative symbiosis and Free living. Symbiotic systems are related to those bacteria which have a very close association with their host plants or live within the host plants. These host plants supply the energy requirements for the bacteria while in return the bacteria fixes atmospheric nitrogen by reducing the inert atmospheric nitrogen with the help of an enzyme called nitrogenase into ammonium (eg. Rhizobia). In Associative symbiosis, the organisms live in close association with the host roots. The root exudates from the host plants form the main energy source for the nitrogen fixing organisms eg. Azospirillum. The free living organisms which fix atmospheric nitrogen are either autotropic ie. photosynthetic or heterotropic ie. plant residues are the main source of energy. Free living nitrogen fixing rhizobacteria do not geneally contribute much to plant N nutrition. However it has been shown that inoculating cereals with such bacteria have been beneficial. (Dobereiner and Pedrosa, 1987); Okon and Hadar., 1987; Ishac 1989)

Node 1. The joint of a culm. 2. The place on the stem where leaves ordinarily arise

Nucleic acid An acid found in the nucleus which is rich in phosphorus. It is the nonprotein constituent of nucleoprotein. In RNA (ribonucleic acid) the sugar is ribose, in DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) it is 2-deoxyribose. The DNA and RNA play an important part in protein synthesis and in the transmission of hereditary characters. (hmm K ay interesting - karmaxul)

Nucleic acids The two nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), are made up of long chains of molecules called nucleotides. See DNA, RNA, nucleotides.

Oospore The final stage of development after the fusion of unlike gametes in the Oomycetes. (the bond of spores - karmaxul)

Ortet The original plant from which a clone is started through rooted cuttings, grafting, or tissue culture, or other means of vegetative propagation. The original tree used to start a grafted clone for inclusion in a seed orchard is the ortet.

Ovary The enlarged base part of the pistil or carpel in which the ovules appear, the {{ovarium}}. See illustration

[karmaxul]

Ovule The unfertilized young seed in the ovary; the structure which, after fertilization, develops into a seed; the megasporangium of a seed plant which later develops into a seed; a rudimentary seed

Parenchyma The soft green undifferentiated cellular tissue made up of large, bluntended cells with thin cellulose walls found in many plant organs, particularly in the pulp of leaves and fruit and the pith of stems. The tissue is involved primarily with the distribution and storage of carbohydrates

[karmaxul]

Perianth 1. The calyx and corolla collectively, particularly if they are of the same color (see illustration monocotyledon flowers). 2. The outer envelope of a flower. 3. The cup-shaped or tubular sheath surrounding the archegonia of some liverworts.

Pericarp The mature ovary wall, the wall of the fruit or seed vessel developed from the wall of the mature ovary.

Petiole The leaf stalk

Parenchyma The soft green undifferentiated cellular tissue made up of large, bluntended cells with thin cellulose walls found in many plant organs, particularly in the pulp of leaves and fruit and the pith of stems. The tissue is involved primarily with the distribution and storage of carbohydrates.

[xblackdogx]

seems like you posted ALL of them ;).. and that is just an ASSumption, due to me not clicking the link

[karmaxul]

Phenotype A group of individuals similar in appearance but not in genetical constitution

Phenotypic variation Variation produced by changes in environment.

Phloem The part of a vascular bundle consisting of sieve tubes, their companion cells, and adjacent parenchyma; the portion of the vascular bundle which is largely concerned in the transportation of food material; the inner part of the bark of a tree; the bast portion of a vascular bundle

Phosphate General term used to describe phosphorus-containing derivatives of phosphoric acid (H3PO4). The chemical containing the phosphate group (PO4-3) can be either organic or inorganic and either particulate or dissolved. Phosphates constitute and important plant nutrient

Photorespiration A process that occurs in the chloroplast and uses oxygen. Ribulose 1,5_ biphosphate is converted to phosphoglycolate and then glycolate. The glycolate is then shipped to the peroxisome and the mitochondria, where carbon dioxide is released. It is considered a wasteful process because it uses oxygen and releases carbon dioxide.

Photosynthesis The process of constructive metabolism in the green cells of a plant by which carbohydrates are formed in the presence of sunlight from carbon dioxide and water in the air with chlorophyll acting as an energy transformer.

Photosynthesis takes place in two phases:
First Phase:
6H2O + 6CO2------C6H12O6 + 6O2
Water + Carbon dioxide = Glucose + Oxygen
Second Phase:
n(C6H12O6)------- n(C6H10O5) + n(H2O)
Several glucose molecules together = Starch + Several Water molecules
First two inorganic substances, water (which plants absorb from the soil) and carbon dioxide (a gas which is absorbed from the atmosphere), plants produce first glucose and then starch, two organic substances that are part of living things. From the glucose, the mineral nitrogen, and other soil elements, vegetables produce all substances that form them through a complex series of chemical reactions.
Photosynthesis - a formidable chemical reaction - is possible only due to chlorophyll, a green pigment, which is found in green plants and acts as the catalysis for the reaction
Photosynthesis is the chemical basis of life on earth and though it seems quite simple, it has never been reproduced in a laboratory by any means. Through photosynthesis simple elements become complex: inorganic substances become organic substances. In other words, dead elements --from the soil and the atmosphere-- are transformed into living compounds---vegetables


phyllotaxy The pattern of leaf emergence of a plant. The arrangement of leaves on a stem is determined by the pattern of cell division and differentiation at the meristem and has a profound effect on the position of leaves, relative to one another. Phyllotaxy is usually constant and often diagnostic for any one species of plant. In sugarbeet, for example, all leaves emerge from the crown in an alternate pattern and are arranged in a 5/13 phyllotaxy. A 5/13 arrangement means that the leaves emerge from 13 vertical ranks around the crown and there are five turns around the crown before another leaf emerges in the same vertical rank.

Pinna A leaflet or a branch of a pinnately compound leaf.

Pinnate With leaflets or veins on each side of a common stem or vein in a feather-like arrangement.

pith Soft tissue with texture of sponge in the middle of the stem of many plants;

Plumule The embryonic shoot or bud in the seed located between the cotyledons which develops into the stem and leaves of the plant.

Pneumatophore An aerial structure which grows vertically upward from roots embedded in mud, composed of spongy tissue (aerenchyma), presumed to function as respiratory organs, as the knees of the bald cypress; the air bladder of water plants.

(my brain is turning to mush need bud fast)

Pollen The dusty or sticky material produced in the stamens of flowers. It is composed of microspores each of which contains two male nuclei and upon contact with a suitable stigma fertilizes the ovules to produce seed.

Pollination The transfer of pollen from anther to stigma.

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A method for enzymatically amplifying a DNA sequence in large amounts using a heat-stable polymerase and suitable primers to direct the amplification of the desired region of DNA. (wtf-karmaxul)

Primary root The root formed by an extension of the radicle of the embryo.

Primordial leaf The first leaf to succeed the cotyledons.

Primordium The earliest development of any structure or organ. A rudiment, an Anlage.

progeny The subsequent generation following a mating or crossing of parents; offspring.

Prokaryote A bacterial cell lacking a true nucleus; its DNA is usually in one long strand

Protein A large molecule composed of one or more chains of amino acids in a specific order; the order is determined by the base sequence of nucleotides in the gene coding for the protein. Proteins are required for the structure, function, and regulation of cells, tissues, and organs, and each protein has unique functions. Examples are hormones, enzymes, and antibodies.
A complex compound of oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen with traces of other elements; and albuminous substance which is an essential constituent of the living cell for food and growth.

Rachis 1. The main flower stem to which the outer parts are attached. 2. The axis of a compound leaf, spike, or raceme. 3. The main ribs of a frond.

Recalcitrant Marked by stubborn resistance to and defiance e.g. plants that are difficult to regenerate or propagate and seeds that are difficult to germinate.

Recombination frequency The frequency at which crossing over occurs between two chromosomal loci; the probability that two loci will become unlinked during meiosis.

Relative humidity (rh) The ratio of the amount of moisture or water vapour (vapour pressure) in the air (the humidity) to the total moisture that the air could hold at that temperature, i.e. saturated with water vapour (saturation vapour pressure), is the relative humidity. It is usually expressed as a percentage and abbreviated to rh. Air saturated with water vapour has a relative humidity of 100% and when only half saturated the rh is 50%. In UK experience, an rh of 69 to 70% is satisfactory for cold smoking

Rhizosphere The surface and immediate neighborhood of a root which provides a specialized environment for microorganisms. The term is also used to define the microflora that lives in this region.

Rhizosphere The region in the soil surrounding the root system of a plant which is affected by its excretions

Ribonucleic acid A chemical found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells; it plays an important role in protein synthesis and other chemical activities of the cell. The structure of RNA is similar to that of DNA. There are several classes of RNA molecules, including messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA, and other small RNAs, each serving a different purpose.

Root hair A tubular outgrowth from the epidermis of a young root which serves to absorb water and mineral salts from the soil. It arises above the root cap and growing point, and its cavity is continuous with the cell from which the root hair has developed.

Saprophyte A plant which lives upon dead animal or vegetable matter.

Sclerenchyma Rigid or strengthening tissue composed of thick-walled cells often having the shape of fibers, stone cells in tissue, hard tissue, mechanical supporting tissue.

Secondary root A root branching from other roots or growing from stems.

Selfed Fertilized by its own pollen, self-pollinated.

Selfing The pollination of a stigma with pollen from the anthers of the same flower or plant.

Sessile Without a stalk, sitting directly on the base.

Silica The mineral of which quartz, sand, flint, etc., are composed and which occurs in many rough (to the touch) plants.

Somatic embryogenesis Embryos are produced either from somatic cells of explants (direct embryogenesis) or by induction on callus formed by explants (indirect embryogenesis). a.k.a. asexual embryogenesis.

Spicule A small pointed appendage somewhat soft and fleshy, the point of the basidium in fungi, a sterigma, a diminutive spike or prickle.

Sporophore A mycelial structure which bears a spore, a spore-bearing branch or organ, a fruit body, the reproductive body in fleshy fungi.

Stigma The tip of a pistil which is receptive to the pollen grains and upon which they germinate.

Stoma An opening surrounded by guard cells which opens into internal air cavities, the breathing apparatus in the epidermis of leaves. Stomata are breathing pores in the epidermis of leaves or stems

[karmaxul]

Stomata 1) minute openings in epidermis of aerial parts of plants, especially on the underside of leaves, through which air and water vapour enters the intercellular spaces, and through which carbon dioxide and water vapour from respiration is released. Stomata can be opened or closed by changes in turgor of the two guard cells that surround the central pore. See illustrations: leaf cross section and morphology of leaves; 2) any small openings or pores in various structures.

Stroma 1. A dense mass of interwoven hyphae, fleshy to thorny in texture, cushion-like, columnar, club-shaped or branched in form, on which or in which fructifications develop. 2. A dense, colorless part of a chloroplast.

Sucker A shoot arising from a subterranean part of a plant, any shoot at first subterranean then aerial which may ultimately form an independent plant.

Sucrose Empirical formula: C12H22O11. Common table sugar, a white, crystalline solid with a sweet taste. Common names, which indicate the natural source, include cane sugar, beet sugar, and maple sugar. A disaccharide, sucrose can be hydrolized to yield invert sugar, a mixture of unequal amounts of fructose and glucose.

Taproot If the root which arises out of the radicle from the seed continues to grow throughout the life of the crop giving rise to many other roots from itself, then the root is called a tap root. It is also the central or the leading root which penetrates deeply into the ground from which many other roots originate. The growing tip of the tap root unless damaged by physical means like insects or other means, continues to grow deeper into the soil in search of water and nutrients and also give rise to other roots.

Testa The outer integument, the seed coat.

Transpiration (1) The quantity of water absorbed, transpired, and used directly in the building of plant tissue during a specified time period. It does not include soil evaporation. (2) The process by which water vapour escapes from a living plant, principally through the leaves, and enters the atmosphere. As considered practically, transpiration also includes Guttation. Transpiration, combined with Evaporation from the soil, is referred to as Evapotranspiration.

Tricarpous Of three carpels.

Trichome A hair-like outgrowth of the epidermis, as a hair or bristle. (and what is the epidermis made of, hmmmm swolen epidermis (my brian is burning almost done)

Turgor The distention of living tissue due to internal pressures.

Tylose A balloon-like extension of a parenchyma cell that protrudes into the lumen of a neighbouring xylem vessel or tracheid through a pit in the cell wall.

Urea A chemical of formula (CH2)2CO. It is the end-point of nitrogen metabolism in animals and some fishes. It is a feature of elasmobranchs, (sharks, dogfishes, rays, skates), that they accumulate urea in their tissues. Urea has a {{bitter taste}} and contributes to the characteristic flavour of this group of fish. It is degraded to ammonia by enzymes in muscle tissue and by spoilage organisms of fish, leading to the very strong, pungent, odour of spoiling elasmobranchs.

Variety 1. An indefinite subdivision of a species usually applicable to a morphological variant or variant group, a form which is not typical but is not sufficiently recognizable to be designated by a specific name, a variant in color or in habitat. 2. A plant subordinate to a species.

Vascular bundle One of the groups of connecting and supporting tissue characteristic of vascular plants; a strand of conductive tissue composed of a strand of xylem and a strand of phloem, sometimes separated by cambium and sometimes containing sclerenchymatous supporting tissue.

Vector Any agent which transmits a virus disease from one host plant to another, as an insect vector.

Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM)
An intimate and perhaps usually mutualistic association between a fungus and a plant root in which the fungus enters the host cells and also usually extends widely into the surrounding soil cf. Ectomycorrhiza.

Viroid A plant pathogen that consists of a naked RNA molecule of approximately 250-350 nucleotides, whose extensive base pairing results in a nearly correct double helix. See Satellite RNA.

Vitamin B Vitamin B is the shared name of a group of vitamins that occurs parallel. These vitamins include: B1 (tiamine), B2 (riboflavin), B5 (pantethine ), B6 (pyridoxine) and B12 (cobalamin).

Vitamin C Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid): found in citrus fruits, tomoatoes, peppers, cabbage, potatoes, and berries.
Important in collagen (connective tissue) synthesis, and resistance to infection and stress.
Insufficient dietary vitamin C may lead to scurvy.

Vitamin E Vitamin E (Tocopherols and Tocotrienols) is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists in eight different forms. It is an antioxidant that protects cells against the effects of free radicals, which are potentially damaging by-products of metabolism. Vegetable oils, nuts, and green leafy vegetables have high natural vitamin E content.

Water deficit The precipitation is smaller than the potential evapotranspiration during a certain period of time

Water table The level of the saturation of soil by ground water.

water table The upper boundary for groundwater at which the pressure in the groundwater is equal to atmospheric pressure (USDA, 1954). The body of groundwater is not confined by an overlying impermeable formation (ICID, 1975).

waterlogging State of and in which the subsoil water table is located at or near the surface (ICID, 1975). In other words access water is accumulated in the root zone of the soil

Xylem Xylem is a complex tissue composed of xylem vessels, xylem tracheids, xylem fibres and xylem parenchyma.
Xylem vessels: Xylem vessels comprise a vertical chain of lengthened, dead cells known as vessel elements. The cells are arranged end to end and the cross-walls dissolve completely or have simple or complex perforation plates between successive cells. The secondary walls of vessels are impregnated with lignin and are thickened unevenly. The walls of the vessels may be thickened in different ways, e.g. annular, spiral and pitted thickening may be observed.
Xylem tracheids: A tracheids is an elongated cell, the contents of which are non-living. The cell walls are thickened, impregnated with lignin and the lumen is smaller. As in the case of vessels, there is a differentiation between annular, spiral and pitted tracheids again caused by the type of thickening of the secondary walls. Tracheids have no perforation plates.
Xylem fibres and xylem parenchyma bear a strong resemblance to normal fibres and parenchyma. Xylem fibres are sometimes separated by thin cross walls and the walls of xylem parenchyma are sometimes thicker than those of normal parenchyma.
Functions:
A. Xylem is an important strengthening tissue,
B. Xylem vessels and tracheids transport water and mineral salts,
C. Starch is sometimes stored in the xylem fibres and xylem parenchyma.

There are a couple more botany ones mixed in but they sounded dumb plus I couldnt pronounce them.........................:)

One love
c

[karmaxul]

Channel 8 news just stopped by for an interview regarding the hemp leafs painted on my house and I made the front page of the local paper today yet again. Glad I got the house with high visabilty from the main road in town. Any one in CT can see the story tonight during the breaking news between 5 and 6:30pm.:thumbsup:

I was supposed to argue the dismissal of the case on Friday but the states attorney called me yesterday and asked for a month extention said he wasn't able to mae it on Friday. Guess he doesn't have a leg to stand on. Its now going to be April 6, 2006.

One love
c

[karmaxul]

Just did a interview with channel 30 they are airing it tonight at 6pm.

One love
c

[karmaxul]

Check channel 3 off the list, airing tonight.
The reporter said he is a supporter of the cause. I kind of wish I had cable.

One love
c